Discrimination Aspects Investigation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4459 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Abstract: The current study aims at investigate the discrimination aspects and how it is affect in The work place, discrimination is a major problem, employees should be protected against it, and there is wide range of cases of discrimination around the world. The reason of writing this research is to aware the people about the discrimination and to show how its illegal to treat workers differently no matter what they should treated in the same way and fairly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discrimination Aspects Investigation" essay for you Create order Introduction: Research Importance: The importance of this subject is to explore the major effect of the discrimination on the females and elderly employees , in the work force women has 40% of the population in working environment and if those women were uncomfortable and decided to quit their jobs to avoid discomfort and the consequences of the gender discrimination that will affect the productivity in the work place which will lead to effect the economy too , the same case to the elderly employee by letting them go and cut them of early it will lead to job dissatisfaction and to lose their experience which is a huge asset to any company to learn from any previous experience. Research Question : The purpose of this literature is to explore the aspects of the discrimination in the work place? And in this literature we will explore these aspects and see the effect of each on the workers. This paper will focus on these cases and take brief information about the types of discrimination in the work place which is many. Elementary Definition : To proceed in this paper the first step is define the Work place discrimination: which is a behavior the influence decisions on employment matters and interfering with job performance or creating a hostile, intimating work environment. Discrimination occurs if there was a difference made based on one of the following grounds: race, color, gender, place of origin, religion, material status, physical disability, age. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood(universal declaration of Human Rights Article 1, 2). From this Quote it will lead to understand that everyone has the right to treated equally and fairly. So it is illegal to discriminate against employees in any aspect including: hiring lay off, recall, transfer, promotion, assignment, benefits, pay retirement plane, recruitment, harassment on any base. Research Problem And Gap : Through reviewing the literature review there was a significant lack concerning the articles, it didnt contain any cases happened in the Arab countries, there were no case of age and gender discrimination in the same article combining together and all the case was on public sector and finally most of gender discrimination cases focused on the women cases not the men. Research Structure : As for the organization of the paper the research will start with research question: What are the discrimination aspects in the work place in terms of gender and age? Exploring discrimination which include the types of discrimination which are: Age, Gender, This section followed by exploring the problems and the cases of the discrimination in the work environment and the last two sections are the methodology and the conclusion. Literature review: In order to know the aspects in this paper its important to know two things, first what the discrimination mean, Discrimination is: Unfair treatment because of race, sex (male, female), color (white, black), the person back ground, place of origin, ethnic origin, marital status (single, married), same sex partner status, sexual orientation, age, disability, citizenship, family status or religion. Second the work place, the workplace is any place where employees deal with other employees, volunteers and trustees and other users perform work or work-related duties or functions. Schools and school-related activities I.S 1 (The Toronto Catholic District HR , (2007), issued in May). The following literature review provides insights and key findings of available literature relating to work place and the two different types of discrimination, age discrimination, gender or sex discrimination. According to the EEOC (The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) , the total number of discrimination complaints filed recently have fallen back to26,300 in the year ended September 1996 from 31,700 in 1993, after increasing 13% between 2000and 2004 (Lee 2005: 4). Sexual harassment complaints alone soared to 10,532 filings in 1992, from 6,883 in 2000 (Roberts 2003: 4). Age discrimination law suits resulted in the high percentage during 1988, through2004. Sex discrimination start to get a high percentage of law suits resulted in the highest aggregate jury awards. Age discrimination: The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) equal opportunities were everyone is treated equally. Age discrimination is a factor of equal opportunities where older people are not allowed to work in certain jobs because they are too old. What is age discrimination in employment? Simply stated, it is the act of deliberately discriminating against a person based solely on his or her age. It includes refusing to hire or promote older workers, coursing them to retire, targeting them when layoffs occur, cutting back, or restricting their employee benefits. It also includes limiting their training opportunities, job responsibilities, and duties. This deliberate discrimination may be blatant or subtle, but in either case, it is against the law (Shen and Kleiner 2001: 25). The effect of the Age discrimination against older workers, it may result that some workers get an early retirement because of their age or to reserve that place to a younger workers so the main reason of The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) protects people age 40 and over from employment discrimination based on age because worker should be able to keep their job based on their ability, not their age The law says that an employer may not fire, refuse to hire, or treat you differently than other employees because of your age (Mong, Byron and Tester 2007: 317). According to the Wall St. Journal, in1999, there were age discrimination suit filed by seven former security guards against Coors. Because there were all over the age 40 and Coors laid them off and they replaced them with younger employees. The angry employees filed the suit only after learning that the average age of their replacement was 25. (Kapur and Kleiner; Coors 2000: 4). For example, in 1991 the central information department director in New York city, Joyce Stratton , the company had to let her go because of her age 61 she filed under age discrimination , she sued the company and won 1$ million dollar as pay pack and damage (Engle man and Kleiner 2005: 4) . In another case, Chicago Studies professor, sued the University of California for age bias. The well- known historian was 59 when he applied for a high faculty position at UC Santa Barbara, Which has the UC systems only fully operating Department of Chicano Studies. He sued the university system the following year, in 1991, claiming he was denied the job because of discrimination against his race, politics (Engle man and Kleiner 2005: 3). In the study, Fair Employment Council ( FEC) sent two resumes in job-related qualifications but different in the characteristic in this case, age, to 775 selected large firms and employment agencies. One resume was for a person 57 years of age and the other for a 32 year old Seventy-nine companies they responded that the position was available 32 companies were interested in the both applicant and 34 companies were interested in younger applicant and 13 companies preferred the older applicant . The net difference between the treatments of the two types of applicants was 26.6% (Shen and Kleiner 2001: 25). One of the reasons that could lead to age discrimination is stereotype it based on un faire treatment and un equal opportunity .A careful review of history shows us the many ways of older have been discriminated against their experience and simply because of their age for example: ageist stereotypes finds the more than 80 percent of Americans were discriminated and more than 60 years old employees have been insulted by jokes ,disrespect , and unfair treatment study revealed that the treatment to the older workers were the least valued by employers (Mong, Byron and Tester 2007: 314). The reason for this discrimination is the stereotype, the older workers are less responsive to the work place changes and they are inflexible and slow (e.g. crew 2004 shah and kleiner 2005 swift 2006). And for older worker they (managers) tend to give them a higher job commitment and lower rate than they do to the younger workers (Mueller, et. al, 2001, 315). Another study published by Harvard business review made by Rosen and Jerne .They want to evaluate the role of the management in the hiring process so they divided the applicant to two groups the first group evaluated by a young manger and the second by older manager and they asked the mangers to make judgment about the incident in which the worker was older and the younger, the manger decision was very different for older and the younger works for the same incident there decision was for the older workers, they were less motivated ,less creative , and less to capable to handle stressful situation in summary the older was less favored to continue in their career and to get promoted ( Dennis and Thomas 2007:86) . The second reason that may cause age discrimination is Lay off and cutting from their wages. Replacing older workers with younger is technique used by the managers to cost saving and decreasing wages and the payouts and the promotions, training opportunities can be held for younger workers who are viewed as more cheaper in the long term investment than the older (Mong, Byron and Tester 2007: 315).According to the economic policy institute workers over 40 years old they have much less chance to get promoted and trained comparing with the younger workers (sterns and McDaniel 2000:87). A recent survey done by experience worker serve as an endorsement of the importance of training and they want to motive the older people to enter the work field but more than half of the survey respondents that they believe the age discrimination still exists in the work place and one of the third of the majority thinks that that older people cannot learn a new skills (T+D of american socitey for traning and development issued march 2008 page 17) .Stereotypes have a huge impact on discrimination behaviors, it has been part of serial of social closure and dissatisfaction In another example: in 1994 Tim Jones, 75 years old he was one of the employees in IBM corporation Tim was one of 900 casualties and he was under the potential layoffs and the company give him a choice to accept payout offer or the lower paying job (Dennis and Thomas 2007:84) . Theres a positive and negative perceptions about older workers, the positive is that the older works are valued for their experience and their knowledge and their commitment and loyalty and the ability o are calm in crisis and respect the authority. And the negative is the older people are inflexible, UN willing to adapt with the new technology and having some physical limitation (Britton and TTiomas 2002; Haefiier 2003; Rosen and Jerdee2000:87). Gender or sex discrimination: Its unlawful for an employer to treat you differently from others based on your sex, because of your marital status. The discrimination can be direct or indirect, deliberate or accidental. One of the ways of direct discrimination is behaving differently or act funny toward you and that only If someone is deliberately treat you differently at work because of their sex, marital status or gender, it is consider as unlawful act , and the employer should stop the discrimination, (Marker 2005; Chien and Kleiner, 2000, 1) e.g. ( women and men at the same the job but men gets more money or payment and the same as promoting someone because they are single instead of an equally qualified person, or sacking a woman because she says she is pregnant or might start a family). Indirect discrimination putting you at a disadvantage because of certain working practices or rules e.g. (setting a minimum height, which might discriminate against most women or an employers refusal to recruit part-time workers without good reason), (Phan and Kleiner 2005:41). One of the causes of direct discrimination is disparate impact, a careful review of history shows us the many ways women have been discriminated against and often overlooked simply because of their gender. Such examples include: Aristotles (384 – 22 B.C.) belief that women were unintelligent. Based on study made by Adam wine .The statistical evidence shows that theres a gap is caused by the gender discrimination the statistics show that the gap between the age and the wage ratio is higher than the income ratio for many reasons one of them is women work fewer hours than men and the gap between the singles are smaller than between the married , the gaps increase based on the experience and thats because women have less experience and women tend to leave their work because the lack of achievement and pay raise. And heres the statistics Men dominate 310 occupational fields, while the women dominate 50 fields; women earn about $4000 per year less than men even if the men and women are employed in the same occupation. Published by (public personnel management data on September 22 2005, 6). Based on another study made by Chien and Kleiner showed that 1000 largest companies in U.S among the 4000 people shown as the highest paid officer or director only 19 were women and that because women viewed as less suitable for upper management roles and when women take executive positions the chance of failure is high and predictable, and those expectation of failure effect how women evaluated. (Chien and Kleiner 2000: 3). Another way for direct discrimination is UN equal pay act, Studies have found that women are unfairly treated and face barriers regarding progress and promotion, even in fields in which they have reached a good accomplishment .For example based on study done by Ash, Carr Large cooperation firms in U.S women get less paid than men for similar work. Such discrimination is not unique to the world of high finance; things seem to be much worse in medicine. In June 2004, the U.S. Census Bureau released an analysis of the earnings of full-time workers that reported that female physicians wages averaged 63 cents for every dollar earned by their male colleagues. (Annals internal medicine, issued 3rd of august, 2004, 239). The Census Bureau report was limited in that it did not examine factors, such as specialty, practice setting, seniority, and performance Ash, Carr, and colleagues analyzed data from a national survey of academic physicians and reported that women earned less than their male colleagues, even after accounting for specialty, hours worked, and many other measures of productivity and achievement. In addition, they found that women were less likely than men to reach the highest academic ranks. On other hand men do not face that problem and there is a salary gap between men and women for example women still have a lower compensation than men at the same academic rank. Another example (china youth daily news paper) they mentioned that many positions reserved for males only and for female they have to accept unfair terms and not being Able to have a children for many years and the reason that the women are left behind is because their special physical and physiological features. (Beijing 2008: 4). This case one of the EEOC.v cases about UN equal pay act happened in a bank the bank was paying different salary to male and female workers in three different jobs First: man teller was paid more than any female teller even though the female was more experienced, second: male operator was paid more than any women who performed the same job, third: the male installment loan officer was hired of salary higher than any female .The bank argued in the first job that he was a management trainee but they found there was no real training program, in the second job the bank claimed that the female was slower in the typing and less accurate than the male but they proof that she was faster and more accurate than the male, in the third job the claimed that the raise Was given to the women after the EEOC investigation began but the court didnt believe it. (Bhasker and Kleiner 2002: 75). This presented case shows that the un equal pay act can lead to a un friendly environment this case is about women was hired by Pizza Hut as a unit manager; she started out in a management Training program with a male trainee who was hired at the same time. Both were paid equally for the duration of the program but when it ended, the male manager received a much higher raise than female. The next round of raises did not even things out; the male manager still made more, despite the fact that the female was running one of the most profitable Pizza Huts. She filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC. When the EEOC could not re solve the problem, she sued the company (Bhasker and Kleiner 2002: 74). Harassment is the most common way that could be use as a gender or sex discrimination and the definition of sexual harassment according to the U.S (EEOC): behaving in an offensive manner, or encouraging or allowing other people to do so and that could be either physically or verbally and it will lead to influencing the individual work place environment (for example, making sexual remarks or gestures, allowing displays or Distribution of sexually explicit material, or giving someone a potentially offensive nickname because of their gender). (Grochin and Kleiner 2005 :17). The most sexual harassment cases in the U.S are against black women based on study done by (information times issued October 2007). they discovered the only 2.8 percent of female university graduate dont face a gender discrimination in the labor market while 52.8 percent said the gender discrimination is a huge a problem and they face it every day for example many posts at job fairs are not open to female applicant (Beaton et al, platania 2003:291). This appears to be the case in Australia, konrad and Hartmann (2001) examined survey indicate that women are more likely to believe that they were discriminated in the academic hiring and promotions more that men and that one of the reasons to make the women in such low place by made them to believe . Sexual harassment is a serious concern for women in the work field during a 2003 survey, respondents reported: Apart from gender discrimination a lot of women have to combat sexual and racial discrimination constantly to survive in college and work places. In order to overcome discrimination, many women scientists report having to work harder and be more successful than men in order to succeed; professors report training their female students to think in these terms as well (Etzkowitz and Kemelgor 2004 : 87). Sexual harassment is a serious concern for women in the sciences. During a 2003 survey, respondents reported46% were sexually harassed; 55% handled this harassment themselves; 40% told their harasser to stop; 7% were forced to quit working; 3% transferred within the company; 2% filed legal action; 18% experienced a combination of all the situations (Boiarsky et. al 2003: 213). Sexual harassment can lead to Hostile environment and that Occurs when an employee is unwelcome sexual conductor materials when the conductor materials are sufficiently strict and firm as to create a hostile, intimidating, or offensive work environment(Grochin and Kleiner 2005:19). This case present how the women are suffering from disparate treatment and from the Stereotyping, Women struggle with the stereotype that having a family translates into a lack of commitment to career and job, Motherhood presents a set of expectations; there is a need to balance family and life many women accept part-time work while others prefer flexible scheduling as a condition of full time employment (Beasley, Lomo and Seubert 2001: 76). Often, balancing between work and family results that woman will take breaks from their employment track which leads to less opportunity. Another stereotype based on case issued in Canada, gender discrimination against male doctors and trainees, men with deep religions of certain communities force their wives to be examined by a female obstetrician-gynecologist and refused to be exposed to men this issue concern to medical resident who may not get their medical experience they because of patient demand (Canadian Medical Association 2008: 179). Methodology : Research Statement: What are the discrimination aspects in the work place in terms of gender and age? Meaning to explore each aspect and its effect on the employees in Egypt and how to react in different situation Research Tool : The type of this methodology is quantitative and the reason of choosing quantitative is because it refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships, meaning the problem already exist and in order to contain it the perfect kind is quantitative, the tool to answer the research question is questionnaire. And the shape of the questionnaire was based on the article review and the internet (and its attached in the appendix ). The place will be in Cairo and to evaluate the rate or the level of the discrimination against the women and elderly employees. The reason that we choose Cairo is because theres a significant increase in the number of discrimination cases in Cairo for example between 2000 and 2008 the number of discrimination cases increased by 27% Research design: the sample is non probability, convince sample because it will allow choosing the individuals that are easiest to reach or sampling that is done easy. And Convenience sampling does not represent the entire population so it is considered bias, therefore the sample is will be relative weight 80 females and 60 males, from different courses in private university in Cairo, aged 18 to 25 years undergraduate and graduate students, fresh graduate TAS. participants volunteered to participate in the questionnaire and did not receive any reward for their participation, the reason selecting under graduate student is because most the student work a part time to finish their internship and to get the experience so their opinions will be supported and they face a lot of challenge in the school and in their work so their opinions will be accredited. Furthermore there were noticeable result that most the people that been asking about the discrimination in their work place they refused and some hesitated to give the frank answer worrying about their boss reaction or their co-workers too , in addition student were more willing to give their frank answers and their opinion without any worries. Procedure: first the mailing list which will be available from HR department of the private college , after that will address the questionnaire to fresh graduate TAs and fourth year student from different faculties, we will wait one week to collect the responds from the mails and if that was not enough there will be a another round of mails and we will wait for the respond and if that was not efficient we will need to distribute the questionnaire in class and wait for the data collection the total time that it took to design the survey is one week and for distribute the survey among the student in (GUC) is one week , to analyze the result it took two weeks to analysis the survey and three weeks to get the result. Analysis: SPSS ( statistical package of social since ) program will be used in this study to order to know the appropriate way to analysis the result of the questionnaire and theres two ways to approach that, the first is descriptive statistics and the second is frequency and percentage. The student litter :T-test will be used to answer the research question through SPSS descriptive statistic will be conduct including the major of frequency and probability the major of center tendency contain : mean , mode , median, variance, slandered deviation . Conclusion: The main purpose of the present research was to analysis and to explore the types of the discrimination and to show the effect of each one on the people life First the Age discrimination, the effect of the Age discrimination against older workers, it could result that some workers get an early retirement because of their age or to reserve that place to a younger workers. And the gender or sex discrimination could affect the employees in many different way especially the harassments because is the most common way that could be use as a gender or sex discrimination and its very offensive manner, it could lead to encourage or allow other people to do so and that could be physically or verbally and it influence the individual work place. And to sum up the whole research by seeing the effect of each type and how people react to each type. Everyone should have the right to treated right and fairly and with respect regardless the age or the gender or the home town we all human and we all seeking for success and we should achieve it in healthy environment and in fair opportunities and because of these discrimination the government should concentrate on the consequences and put a strict punishment for any one not obey these rules. References: Barry m. Goldman. (2001). Toward an understanding of employment discrimination claiming: an integration of organizational justice and social information processing theories, vol .54, no 5, pp. 361-386. Bernstein, a. (2004, June 14). Womens pay: Why the gap remains a chasm. Business Week, (3887), 58-59. Retrieved December 15, 2007, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier. https://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?direct=truedb=aphAN=13374148site=eh ost-live Canadian Medical Association or its licensors (CMAJ) (2008). Gender discrimination: vol.179, No (6), 521-522. Chine .E, Kleiner.H. (1999). SEX DIS CRIMI NA TION IN HIR ING: Equal Opportunities International, vol. 5, No (6), 32-36 CYNTHIA J.;. ZUKEWICH,N, (2003). The Gender of Precarious Employment in Canada, vol.58, No (3), 454-482. Dennis.N, Thomas.K (2007). Ageism in the Workplace, vol.21, No (9), 84-89. Exten,J. (2005),Sexual advances . Cabinet Maker, 25- November. Eddy S. Willi H.. (2007). Are Men Always Picked Over Women? The Effects of Employment Equity, vol.76,177–187. Erbschloe,M . (2008), Gender Management. Association. Retrieved on 18-January 2008 from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier Gene .G, Kleiner .H. (2001). Age Discrimination in Hiring: Equal Opportunities International, vol. 20, No (8), 25-32. HAKIM ,C, (2006). Women, careers, and work-life preferences, vol.34, No (3),280–291. Julius, E.; Chamovitz Y, (2003). Equally unequal: Gender discrimination in the workplace among adults with mental retardation, vol.20, No (3), 205–213. Kapur .A, Kleiner .H. (2000). DISCRIMINATION INTHEWORKPLACE OFTHEBEERINDUSTRY, vol. 19, No (6), 371-380. Robert J. B, Feather (2007). GENDER, DISCRIMINATION BELIEFS, GROUP-BASED GUILT, AND RESPONSES TO AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR AUSTRALIAN WOMEN. Psychology of Women Quarterly, vol.31 No (4), 290-304 RÉAUME ,D, (2005). Comparing Theories of Sex Discrimination: The Role of Comparison, vol.25, No (3), 547–564. Theobald,S. (2006), Taking the pulse of discrimination. Associations Now, May. The Toronto Catholic District HR , Retrieved on 2-May 2007 from https://www.tcdsb.org/trustees/Agendas/HR,%202007-05-02/HR,%202007-05-02.html Vincent, J.; Tester.G, (2007). Age Discrimination, Social Closure and Employment, vol.86, No (1), 314-332. Roscigno.V ; Tester,G , (2007). Age Discrimination, Social Closure and Employment, vol.86, No (1), 314-333. LI LI. (2007),Gender discrimination in the labor market. BEUING REVIKW, 22- November.

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Moreover, a huge number of the potential user of the service of this organization is the elderly population. They often find it difficult to operate the current interaction system of the organization as it involves a number of information as well as interactions (Giger et al., 2015). Moreover, this particular system is not easy for the elderly population to carry anywhere. Hence, the organization is planning to provide a better and handy solution to the end users of their service of remote health care and self-management of the health issues. Capabilities: The recent system is providing the end users an interface to monitor their own vital signs from home. However, in most of the cases, the users find it difficult to handle a tablet for this particular purpose. Hence, the following prospective systems or technologies can be utilized to provide the service of self-monitoring of the health statues of the patients by themselves: A Cloud-Based Mobile Application: To serve the purposes of remote health monitoring of the patients, a cloud-based mobile application can be used. It will be a handy solution for everyone. The organization need to focus on the clarity or simplicity of the application. The current application or software takes time to be loaded (Adibi, 2015). Using a mobile-based application will eliminate this particular problem and the users will be able to operate in lesser time. As opined by Yang et al., (2015) it is important for the health applications to be light and easy to load as time is an important issue in the health care setup. A GsmBased Wireless Human Health Monitor: It will have three distinct parts with three different tasks. These are the sensors for heartbeat, temperature and transmitter and receiver. Here, the data will be transmitted via GSM modem or SMS (Rodgers et al., 2015). The receiver will be at the doctor or the health care managements place. It can be Smart Watch. Video Conferencing Via Mobile: This particular application can be helpful for the users, as it will help them in directly connecting to the consultants. Via this technology the patients can chat with the consultant, provide, and receive required data and information to the competent person (Adibi, 2015). This particular interface will not include various directions. The patient or the user only needs to connect to the consultant and talk to them via video call. Benefits: The particular technology of GSM based wireless human health monitor will be helpful for bridging the gap between the consultant and the patient. It will also be helpful in community-based patient care to enhance the capacity of nurses to deliver medications management for clients. As opined by Evans et al., (2016) the technologies for remote health monitoring need to be easy to be operated. These above recommended applications can be useful in this regard. These particular technologies will also serve the issue of serving the rural and elderly population in particular. As opined by Giger et al., (2015) the remote health monitoring applications are needed to be multipurpose so that the overall conditions of the patient or the user can be measured at once. In addition to this, as mentioned by Bisio et al., (2015) for the remote health monitoring systems it is required to be low in installation cost. The above discussed applications or technologies will be low in cost. Moreover, these technologies will fulfill the objective of the organization, i.e. providing a home based health care service to the potential users. Furthermore, the user himself can use these applications. Thus, it will increase the knowledge and awareness of the patient about himself and the self-management of his physical issues. These technologies will also be helpful for the patients who are less educated and not so aware of the recent technological advancement. References: Adibi, S. ed., 2015.Mobile health: a technology road map(Vol. 5). Springer. Bisio, I., Lavagetto, F., Marchese, M., Sciarrone, A. (2015). A smartphone centric platform for remote health monitoring of heart failure.International Journal of Communication Systems,28(11), 1753-1771. Evans, J., Papadopoulos, A., Silvers, C. T., Charness, N., Boot, W. R., Schlachta-Fairchild, L., ... Ent, C. B. (2016). Remote health monitoring for older adults and those with heart failure: Adherence and system usability.Telemedicine and e-Health,22(6), 480-488. Giger, J. T., Pope, N. D., Vogt, H. B., Gutierrez, C., Newland, L. A., Lemke, J., Lawler, M. J. (2015). Remote patient monitoring acceptance trends among older adults residing in a frontier state.Computers in Human Behavior,44, 174-182. Rodgers, M. M., Pai, V. M., Conroy, R. S. (2015). Recent advances in wearable sensors for health monitoring.IEEE Sensors Journal,15(6), 3119-3126. Yang, H., Kim, H., Mtonga, K. (2015). An efficient privacy-preserving authentication scheme with adaptive key evolution in remote health monitoring system.Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications,8(6), 1059-1069.

The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Management Methods

Table of Contents Introduction Schizophrenia Drug abuse case Anxiety case Conclusion References Introduction In our daily lives, most people are diagnosed with some form of psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia and other forms of anxiety disorders. Moreover, in connection to the nature-nurture issue, a number of psychiatric disorders are either inherited from parents or are developed due to a complex interplay of environmental factors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Management Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They can also be due the combination of both factors. It is important to note that each psychiatric disorder differs in management methods, which eventually is beneficial in ascertaining appropriate means of treatment. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia refers to a malfunction of the brain that has affected the lives of many people throughout history (Andreasen, 1994). However, the infrequent and unusual brain disorder has not been given the right approach and several of its victims have suffered in silence. The genes and the environment have been attributed to be one of the causal factors for this condition. It is approximated that about one percent of the entire population suffers from schizophrenia and it runs in most families. The disease is present in about ten percent of those who have afflicted first-degree relatives and those with afflicted second-degree relatives are also at increased risk. According to Tsuang, Faraone, and Johnson, the probability is highest in the case of identical twins, which is at about forty to sixty-five percent (1997). Researchers postulate that the condition is developed due to interaction of several genes, which possibly are able to disrupt the normal functioning of various parts the brain. The ailment makes the lateral ventricles to increase in size and impinges on the normal functions of the frontal re gions of the brain. The temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdale, sections of the limbic system, as well as sections of the Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG) are mainly reduced in volume due to this disorder. In addition, the prefrontal cortex, which serves as a memory center, is also intensively affected. Medical experts have also postulated that the condition is due to abnormalities in brain chemistry and structure. This is directly related to the differences in the complex and interrelated chemical reactions in the brain, which involve a number of neurotransmitters (substances that allow easier communication between the brain cells).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dopamine and Dopamine receptors have been identified in this respect and the treatment for managing this disorder is mainly targeted to interact with dopamine receptors. NMDA, GAGA and the cholinergic system have also been asso ciated to this medical condition. As described above, there are marked disparities between brains of healthy individuals and those of afflicted individuals. Moreover, those afflicted have limited amount of grey matter, limited or increased biological activity is some parts of the brain, and lack of conformity of the brain tissue. Scientific investigations have also revealed significant transformations in the distribution or attributes of the brain cells that may have happened before birth. A number of scientists have proved that problems encountered during the time of brain development before delivery may lead to improper connections. The effects of these are more evident during puberty because major changes occur in the development of the brain during this period. These have the ability of activating psychotic symptoms. The symptoms associated to schizophrenia are majorly grouped into positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms relate to the expe riences of immensely abnormal behavior that is not seen in healthy individuals. According to Hirsch and Weinberger, they include hallucinations where the sick people see, hear, smell, or have feelings not seen in healthy people, delusions where the afflicted have false beliefs that are not component of their culture, and movement disorders that are seen as agitated body movements (2003, p.5). Negative symptoms, which include lack of pleasure in daily activities and abnormal speech problems, can prove to very elusive at the early stages since they are similar to depression or other conditions. Cognitive symptoms, which include impairment of executive functioning, complexities in paying attention, and complexities with working memory, may further make the life of the victim to be more difficult. The appropriate drug therapy for schizophrenia mainly needs a combination of antipsychotic, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety drug treatment, which focus on reducing the symptoms of the disorde r. As much as proper treatment is advocated, however, most people usually desist from taking the medication prescribed for the sickness. This is more evident when resumption of normal health is delayed and when the side effects of the drugs are more pronounced.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Management Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is why medical experts usually advise their patients to start by taking a cheaper and more proficient drug such as clozapine. Antipsychotic medication is used to help the afflicted recover the normal biochemical balance and lower the possibility of a relapse in the future. A number of patients of schizophrenia usually respond well to appropriate drug therapy and are able of living comfortable lives once again. Generally, schizophrenia is an intricate ailment, which deteriorates the normal functioning of the brain, life experiences a nd behavioral patterns of those afflicted. The brain serves the function of responding to stimuli and modulating them accordingly, but victims of this condition lack the ability of modulating the different mechanisms of the brain. Studies have shown that the various processes in this ailment do not take place on a single basis, but rather the condition is multi factorial. In as much as many extensive studies have revealed a lot of information about the disease, more elaborate investigations should be done to better understand the genetic differences that contribute to this disorder. This is because the ones that are known increase the risk of developing the condition only by a small level. Drug abuse case Possibly, Ron has been defeated to stop abusing alcohol because he has failed to acknowledge an underlying psychological problem. His fruitless attempts to deny, cope with or hide this fact have finally led him to this unfortunate addiction. Ron may have been trying to subdue effec ts of loneliness, guilt, or self-reproach in his life. He has been addicted for the reason that the alcohol has been constantly stimulating his brain pleasure rewarding pathway (PRP). Dopamine neurotransmitters play a vital role in the activities of PRP. In a general, alcohol stimulates PRP, which then instantaneously boosts the level of dopamine in the brain and results in the production of a euphoric effect to the victim. These happenings eventually wire the brain. Consequently, the person will constantly aspire to achieve the dopamine highness, and so addiction follows. The reason why people abuse alcohol has been addressed in relation to the nature-nurture issue. One school of thought suggests that nature (hereditary factors) whereas another suggests that nurture (environmental factors) cause the condition. Recent scientific investigations have pointed out that there is a possibility of parents passing the genes of alcoholism to their children. The type of lifestyle an individua l lives is also a significant factor. This relates to the type of friends the individual hangs around with, the degree of stress in his or her life, and the availability of alcohol within the vicinity (Clinic, 2008). The addiction of Ron that is a worry to his wife is presently incurable, but appropriate medication can be administered to cure it.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To stop his perennial drinking habits, a combination of counseling and medication programs can be introduces so as to help him rebuild his life. Oral medications, for example, disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamparosate have been successfully employed to reduce alcoholism. Even though the treatment of alcoholism is practical, there are varied levels of success depending on the individual involved. Some previous addicts desist from taking alcohol and remain sober, whereas others experience periodic sessions of sobriety with bouts of relapse. Others also experience withdrawal symptoms such as sporadic shakiness, nausea, and sweating on ceasing from excessive consumption of alcohol. Nonetheless, the longer the individual desists from taking alcohol, the better the recuperation process becomes. Anxiety case Tom is suffering from a condition called Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This refers to a situation whereby a person becomes too much worried and anxious about the daily life events without any concrete reasons (Barlow, 2004). The experience of anxiety disorder has been associated to some specific parts of the brain. In a healthy individual, the thought process runs in such a way that he or she is able to observe a situation and process information without hindrance. This then determines whether anxiety is needed to â€Å"kick in† in order to trigger an appropriate responsive action. In the case of Tom, this process is necessitated by events that really do not require such â€Å"flight or fight† responsive action (Hauser, 2005). Although the exact cause of this tendency has not been fully comprehended, genetics (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) have been associated with GAD. Some studies have indicated that the susceptibility of developing GAD may be tied to the history of the family. Distressing and stressful factors, for instance, mistreatment, loss of a loved one, separation of parents, loss of employment, dropping out of school, ma y trigger development of anxiety disorder. The abuse and stopping the taking of addictive drugs may also aggravate the effects of the disorder (Pakhare, 2007). Perhaps, Tom’s wife can help him by giving him appropriate medication to treat his condition. This program can help him in normalizing his life. His wife can consider giving him benzodiazepines for short-term treatment as this would leave him feeling calm and relaxed by lowering the physical symptoms of the condition. For long-term treatment, he may be given antidepressants to lighten his moods. The use of cognitive-behavioral therapy is able to help him eliminate his distorted thinking by making him have a more realistic look at different difficult situations. Depending on the specific drug and the person using them, anti-anxiety drugs may bring some side effects such as sleepiness, weight gain, and sexual problems. Conclusion It is essential to understand that the people, who are suffering from psychiatric disorders, for example, Ron and Tom, are normal human beings. The only disparity is that the individuals are afflicted by a medical condition that impairs their normal cognitive functions and behavior. Although the conditions are incurable, they can be treated effectively by using appropriate medication. The agony of the afflicted can be lessened by seeking for ways of alleviating their suffering. References Andreasen, N. C. (1994). Schizophrenia: From mind to molecule. Washington: American psychiatric press. Barlow, D. H. (2004). Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press. Clinic, M. (2008, May 8). Alcoholism causes. MayoClinic.com. Web. Hauser, J. (2005, February 2). Anxiety: Generalized anxiety disorder. Psych Central. Web. Hirsch, S., Weinberger, D. (2003). Schizophrenia (2nd ed.). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Company. Pakhare, J. (2007, December 5). Types of Mental Illness: List of Mental Disorders. Buzzle.com. Web. Tsuang, M.T., F araone, S. V., Johnson, P.D. (1997). Schizophrenia: the facts. New York: Oxford University Press. This essay on The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Management Methods was written and submitted by user Ahmad Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 College Project Topics on Computer Science

10 College Project Topics on Computer Science If you need   some information on computer science for your college project, consider these 10 fun facts below: There is a persistent problem with staffing and retaining IT employees and, although there have been studies that have looked at IT workers’ job motivation and attitudes toward their jobs, there has been little literature on key attributes of IT personnel which differs from other occupations. By understanding the key personality traits among IT workers and how these traits differentiated them from other professions, the results can inform a wide variety of organizational processes such as assessing IT candidates for job and organizational fit, recruitment, selection, placement, identifying training needs, career planning, counseling, and ongoing management. Today, the modern customer is changing not only how to look for products and services, but how they use them. Transformation over the last few years alone has resulted in an increase of customers focusing on geographically based searches for those companies nearest their location by way of geographical tags on their smartphones and wireless connections. Customers are turning to tablets and smartphones when shopping in lieu of physical spaces. Customers are demanding faster responses to inquiries and internet based options. Long gone are the days where companies can survive without a website, but now the continually changing customer has continually changing needs which require all businesses to focus more on internet-based service. Companies are turning with higher frequency to digital methods of marketing, advertising, and data mining. Data mining is used to collect customer information. Multiple companies utilize the collection of customer data to make predictions based on whether the customer is worth maintaining for the long term and how much money the customer will bring to the company on a regular basis. This type of data mining also stretches to include predictive measurements for behavior, especially with the focus on the target company and the pregnancy prediction analysis which they implemented (Berry Linoff, 1991; Han, Kamber, Pei, 2011; Laudon Lauden, 2010, p. 245). Directly in tandem with the data mining is the field of behavioral science, something which is used to determine the success rates of the various data mining related strategies. For example, behavioral studies determined that target customers did not appreciate the predictive pregnancy analyses, and they did not appreciate the pregnancy or baby related coupons which were sent to them. But when they assumed this was random and that their personal information has not been spy on they were much more willing to accept the coupons and to use them (Han, Kamber, Pei, 2011). It is by way of SAS statistical modeling software that companies are gathering the customer information especially information related to local trends, geographic location, habitual purchases, as well as personal details such as the number of children, marital status, and more.  Understanding habitual purchases by customers is also beneficial for all of the companies listed in the case study. It allows each of the organizations to determine which habitual purchases were made on a regular basis and which items individuals enjoyed. The items which are made on the eventual bases are things which do not relate directly to impulse purchases and as such having coupons or advertisements while shopping are not nearly as beneficial and investment (Berry Linoff, 1991; Han, Kamber, Pei, 2011; Laudon Lauden, 2010, p. 245). That being said the software can provide information specific to gift purchases or other impulse related by so that marketing efforts can be better coordinated and target ed to individual customers. This software also provides information as to which customers may require additional benefits such as bonus gift from the company in order to sustain that membership. These efforts of other companies to target their traditional marketing effort on this customers which will provide them with the most profitable lifetime memberships ((Berry Linoff, 1991; Han, Kamber, Pei, 2011; Laudon Lauden, 2010, p. 245). Information maintained by companies such as patient or customer data are typically maintained on cloud networks, so as to afford access to all necessary employees or customers/patients no matter where they are located (Berry Linoff, 1991; Han, Kamber, Pei, 2011; Laudon Lauden, 2010, p. 245). With so many companies turning to cloud computing and maintaining long term data, cyber security remains a serious concern, particularly as it relates to things such as data breaches. Regardless of where attacks originate, Internet users are at risk of victimization by professional hackers no matter where they live. This results in a significant loss of valuable information and identity information. By raising public awareness large-scale organizations can take the necessary steps to protect their users and their data while using the Internet. Increasing investment within IT professionals on staff can also help to offset the impact that the hacking economy is having. Some companies utilize inventory management online by tracking the quantity of every item which is maintained and triggering orders for out of stock items when the quantities drop below predetermined amount. The systems are often connected to point of sale systems which ensure that every time an item is sold one is removed from the turtle inventory count. This provides a closed information loop from every department. But in order for these systems to communicate with one another IT professionals must remain intact. Managing information systems must be done for data management. Today companies continue to maintain digital versions of all documents on a storage device or service. Once these documents are digitized they are instantly available to anyone in the company no matter where they are located. This means companies can store and maintain significant amounts of historical data available to all employees. But in order for this information to be the only protected from security threats but operational such the employees can access it from any location, IT staff must be on hand to immediately rectify any problems which arise and maintain optimal functionality at all times. Many progressive companies will use a management information system to track all of their sales data, their productivity levels, and every principle. This information can be used to track all profitability overtime, to maximize return on investment, and to identify areas which need improvement. Through such software managers contract sales on a regular basis which allows them to react immediately to lower than expected numbers by increasing productivity among employees or decreasing the cost of individual products. These management information systems have to be overseen by professional IT employees. Companies that use customer relationship management systems to capture customer data must also rely upon continually functioning interactions between customers, administration, and each of the technological systems. This is best done with the assistance of professional IT employees. In conclusion we hope these facts will give a boost towards confidently writing your assignment. Along with it come our 20 topics for computer science school project along with our writing guide that will hold your hand through the process. References: Berry, M. J., Linoff, G. (1997).  Data mining techniques: for marketing, sales, and customer  support. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Borgohain, S. B. (2010).  Key Factors and Challenges for Retention of Employees in a Public Sector Enterprise: A Case Study in Power Grid Corporation of India Limited: Masters Thesis  (Doctoral dissertation, SB Borgohain). Han, J., Kamber, M., Pei, J. (2011).  Data mining: concepts and techniques: concepts and  techniques. Elsevier. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. (2013-03-06). Managing Information Systems: Managing the  Digital Firm (13th Edition) (Page 245). Pearson HE, Inc.. Kindle Edition. Aarseth, W., Rolstadà ¥s, A., Andersen, B. (2013). Managing organizational challenges in  global projects.  International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,  7(1), 103-132. Lea Yu and Xuyan Fang, â€Å"100 Million Usernames, Passwords Leaked† (Caixin Online: December 29, 2011): http://english.caixin.com/2011-12-29/100344138.html. Lewis, A., Sequeira, A. H. (2012). Effectiveness of Employee Retention Strategies in  Industry. Traits of Information Technology Professionals. Computer and Information Science, 7(3). doi:10.5539/cis.v7n3p38 Lumley, E. J., Coetzee, M., Tladinyane, R., Ferreira, N. (2011). Exploring the job satisfaction  and organisational commitment of employees in the information technology environment.  Southern African Business Review,  15(1), 100-118. Lounsbury, J. W., Sundstrom, E., Levy, J. J., Gibson, L. W. (2014). Distinctive Personality

Relative Density Definition in Chemistry

Relative Density Definition in Chemistry Relative density (RD) is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. It is also known as specific gravity (SG). Because it is a ratio, relative density or specific gravity is a unitless value. If its value is less than 1, then the substance is less dense than water and would float. If relative density is exactly 1, the density is the same as water. If RD is greater than 1, the density is greater than that of water and the substance would sink. Examples The relative density of pure water at 4 C is 1.The relative density of balsa wood is 0.2. Balsa is lighter than water and floats on it.The relative density of iron is 7.87. Iron is heavier than water and sinks. Calculation When determining relative density, the temperature and pressure of the sample and reference should be specified. Usually the pressure is 1 am or 101.325 Pa. The basic formula for RD or SG is: RD Ï substance / Ï reference If a difference reference is not identified, it may be assumed to be water at 4  °C. Instruments used to measure relative density include hydrometers and pycnometers. In addition, digital density meters may be used, based on a variety of principles.

Liberation Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Liberation Theology - Essay Example Many European priests heeded his call and went to work alongside their Latin American colleagues. "In time, the arrival of priests who were accustomed to the economic and political situation in developed countries contributed significantly to the development of liberation theology". (Tombs, 2002, p. 18) The influx of foreign priests encouraged a sense of renewal in the Latin American church and particularly strengthened those who believed that poverty could and should be prevented. In the many instances where progressive priests faced resistance and persecution, the foreign priests were sometimes at an advantage over local nationals. This is the reason as to why "the Theology of Liberation and other early works of liberation theology focused attention on the urgent need for social justice and suggested a more open attitude towards socialism and Marxist analysis". (Tombs, 2002, p. 137) "Many poor families had lost their land and were forced to move to urban areas or remain in desperate conditions in rural areas, facing social exclusion". (Ribeiro, 1999, p. 304) Despite Liberation Theology, the main reason for confronting to the poor people of the society is that we have kept the basic principles of liberation theology aside, and are unable to recognize the true face of capitalism. T he Gospel messages have been out of touch from our lives. We can again start developing those liberation rules in our lives, which we have put aside. Those rules will make us start once again act according to true theologians of liberation. For this purpose we must start reading the bible in order to make it clear the social injustice confronted by the poor. We must percept the real image of socio analytical capitalistic system, which always dominated the poor in the context of human rights. The perception of social reality must be seen and implemented in the light of Bible quotations. Before a plan for a social program is being floated, the question to consider is, "Will this, or will this not, improve the situation of the poor" If it will, it should be supported, since it will bring about a consequent broadening of the degree of social justice in society. If it will not, it should be opposed, as it will simply entrench the non-poor with greater power than ever. "The opposite of a preferential option for the poor would be a preferential option for the rich, assuming that if the rich get more and more money and goods, some of the gains will 'trickle down' to the poor. This is a convenient theory for the well-to-do, but it is a dubious bit of economics, since those with wealth are exceedingly loath to share it with others, and the result of a preferential option for the rich is almost always that the rich get richer while the poor get poorer". (Brown, 1993, p. 32) There must be an equal distribution of wealth according to the principles of Liberation Theology. To feel the societal injustice, one must not find it hard how a verse in the scripture rings a responsive cord in the lives and hearts of the two thirds of the human family who go to bed hungry every night, or the parents who fear that their child will be one of the fifteen thousand children who die every day from starvation or malnutrition. "If we were truly hungry, we would have greate r